Academic Staff

Prof. Bray, Mark

Personal Particulars

B.A.(Newcastle-upon-Tyne); M.Sc., Ph.D.(Edin)

UNESCO Chair Professor in Comparative Education
Director, Comparative Education Research Centre

Professor Mark Bray has taught at the University of Hong Kong since 1986. Prior to that he was a secondary school teacher in Kenya and Nigeria, and taught at the Universities of Edinburgh, Papua New Guinea and London. In 1995 he became visiting research fellow at the World Bank in Washington DC, and from 2006 to 2010 was Director of UNESCO’s International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) in Paris. In 2012 he was designated as the holder of the UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education.

At the University of Hong Kong, Professor Bray has played a leadership role in the development of the Comparative Education Research Centre (CERC), which was established in 1994. Professor Bray has also been the Dean of the Faculty of Education (2002-06) and Head of the Department of Education (1991-95). Externally he has been:

• President of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES);
• President of the Comparative Education Society of Hong Kong (CESHK); and
• member of the Board of Directors of the Comparative & International Education Society (CIES) of the USA and of the Comparative Education Society of Asia (CESA).

Professor Bray has undertaken consultancy assignments in over 70 countries of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Europe, North America and the South Pacific. He has written or edited over 40 books and over 200 articles and chapters, and his work has been translated into 20 languages.

UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education

- UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education website in HKU
- Objectives of this Chair

Teaching Areas

Comparative education; education policy-making and planning.

Research Projects

Shadow Education (Private Tutoring)
Shadow education is defined as supplementary private tutoring which mimics the curriculum of mainstream schooling. It can be provided one-to-one, in small groups, large classes or over the internet. Professor Bray has produced four books on this theme, some of which have been translated into multiple languages. These books are:

1. Bray, Mark (1999): The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners. 1st ed. (2nd ed.) (2007). Paris: UNESCO-IIEP, 97pp. Translations in French, Chinese, Japanese.

Click here for the list of reviews of this book.

2. Bray, Mark (2003): Adverse Effects of Supplementary Private Tutoring: Dimensions, Implications, and Government Responses. Paris: UNESCO-IIEP, 84pp. Translations in Azeri, Chinese.

Click here for the list of reviews of this book.
Amartya Sen article, The Telegraph, Calcutta, India, December 20, 2009

3. Silova, Iveta, Budiene, Virginija & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2006): Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring Private Tutoring. New York: Open Society Institute, 353pp.

4. Bray, Mark (2009): Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring?. Paris: UNESCO-IIEP, 130pp. Translations have been published or are being prepared in Arabic, Armenian, Azeri, Bangla, Chinese, French, Georgian, Hindi, Korean, Mongolian, Nepali, Polish, Russian, Sinhala and Urdu.

Click here for the list of reviews of this book.

Other articles on this topic:
- "Out of the Shadows", KE-eNewsletter, Issue 3, (November 2012).
- "Standing in the Shadows", Bulletin, Vol.14, No.1, 2012.
- Newspaper article from Armenia, 18 October 2012.
- "Tutoring Spreads Beyond Asia's Wealthy", The New York Times 5 August 2012. [A version of this article appeared in print on August 6, 2012, in The International Herald Tribune
- "Private tutoring: The shadow has spread", 24 February 2012. [website of UNESCO Bangkok]
- "Le soutien scolaire privé s'essouffle", Le Figaro (France) 30 October 2011.
- "Le magot de léducation fantôme", Le nouvel observateur, 13-19 October 2011
- "La France, championne d'Europe du soutien scolaire", Le Monde, 17 June 2011.
- "Shutting coaching centres overnight not possible", Daily Stars, Dhaka (Bangladesh) 12 August 2011, p.2.
- 'Tutoring -- A huge "hidden market"', Macau Daily News, 4 April 2011.
- "Facing the shadow education system in Hong Kong", The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter, No.56, Spring 2011.
- "Cover Story: Extra Classes", The Times of India, 25 December 2010.
- "Luxe ou nécessité ?" [The latest report in Tunisia] , online, 27 November 2010.
- "Reflection on mainstream education", People’s Daily online, 10 November 2010.
- Articles from the IIEP Newsletter is available in English, French, Spanish and Russian.
- Le tutorat de complément privé: la marchandisation de l’éducation et l’effacement des frontières public/privé [in French].
- "Researching Shadow Education: Challenges and Directions", Asia Pacific Education Review, 2010, 11;3-13.
- "Experts raise doubts over private tuition", TheNational, 24 August 2010.
- Other publication on this theme:
- An independent report prepared for the European Commission by the NESSE network of experts, The Challenge of Shadow Education: Private tutoring and its implications for policy makers in the European Union, May 2011.

In addition to the books and reports on this theme, the following grants have been won as the principal investigator (PI):

General Research Fund (GRF)
Private Supplementary Tutoring: Scale, Nature and Implications for Secondary Schooling in Hong Kong (July 2011-December 2013). Research Grants Council - HK$643,468

Prestigious Fellowship Scheme under the Humanities and Social Sciences Panel (HSSPFS)
Social Inequalities amidst the Global Agenda of Education for All (EFA): Local Regional and Global Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring. Research Grants Council - HK$600,000


Education Systems in Small States
This project examines the distinctive features of education in small states. It mainly focuses on 28 Commonwealth countries with populations below 1.5 million. It builds on Professor Bray’s work for the Commonwealth Secretariat in the 1990s. [click here for details].

During 2009, Professor Bray made a special presentation on small states to the 17th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (CCEM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Some of that work is summarized in an article for The Round Table, and a longer analysis has be published in book form by the Commonwealth Secretariat.

Click here for the review of this book.

Also during 2009, Mark Bray worked with Michaela Martin to lead an IIEP Policy Forum on Tertiary Education in Small States. Papers from that event were edited and supplemented in a book published by IIEP-UNESCO.

The book Tertiary education in small states: Planning in the context of globalization has won the first place in the 2013 Best Book Award from the Higher Education Special Interest Group (SIG) of the US-based Comparative & International Education Society (CIES). The CIES, founded in 1956, is the oldest and largest body of its kind, and the award is a significant honor.


Theory and Methodology in Comparative Education
The research considers the nature of comparative education, and different methodological approaches. It explores the particular contributions that are being made by scholars in the Asian Region. Professor Bray’s co-edited book Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods has become established as a core text in the field and in addition to English is available in Chinese, Farsi, French, Italian, Japanese, Spanish.

International and Local Awards

CIES Higher Education SIG Best Book Award (2013)
Awarded by Comparative and International Education Society (CIES), February 2013, for the book:
Martin, Michaela & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2011), Tertiary education in small states: Planning in the context of globalization

Knowledge Exchange Award (2012)
Awarded by the University of Hong Kong, May 2012, for work in shadow education.

Distinguished Research Fellowship (2012)
Awarded by the Humanities and Social Sciences Panel of the Research Grants Council, Hong Kong University Grants Committee. For work on shadow education in the context of the Education for All (EFA) agenda.

Fellow of the HKERA (2000)
Award by the Hong Kong Educational Research Association for "distinction and sustained contribution to the field of educational research".

Outstanding Researcher (1999)
Interdisciplinary Award by the University of Hong Kong.

Gideon Hawley Award (1997)
For the article:
Bray, Mark (1996), Educational reform in a small state: Bhutan's new approach to primary education in International Journal of Educational Reform, 5(1), pp. 15-25.

Outstanding International Study of the Year Award (1996)
AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
For the article:
Bray, Mark & Thomas, R. M. (1995), Level of comparison in educational studies: Different insights from different literatures and the value of multilevel analysis in Harvard Educational Review, 65(3), pp. 472-490

Consultancies

2012
5/2012 Thailand: High-level Experts’ Meeting on Education for All (EFA) agenda towards and beyond 2015, UNESCO Regional Office, Bangkok.

3/2102 Qatar: Policy dialogue hosted by UNESCO cluster office (serving the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council) and involving personnel from UNESCO itself and from the Supreme Education Council and schools.

3/2012 and 6/2012 United Arab Emirates (Dubai): meetings with, and on behalf of, Knowledge & Human Development Authority (KHDA). Focusing on scale, nature and policy implications of private supplementary tutoring; identification of approaches to a ‘landscape’ survey.

2/2012 Myanmar: Resource person for conference on National Development Options with particular reference to education and health, Naypyidaw. Specialist focus: financing of basic education. Recruited by UNICEF under the broader United Nations umbrella for the first event of its type bringing together government personnel and potential international partners following the country’s political reform.

2006-2011
8/2011 Bangladesh: Launch of Bangla translation of book entitled ‘Confronting the Shadow Education System’, and related policy discussions with government and NGOs. Contracted by UNESCO.

12/2010 – 9/2011 Philippines: Contract with Asian Development Bank (Manila) to help meet its staff development needs in the education sector.

4/2010 Suriname: Keynote speaker for regional conference on higher education in the Caribbean, hosted by the Government of Suriname, the Organisation of American States, and UNESCO.

2006-2010: Extensive liaison with national governments and international agencies as part of work as Director of UNESCO's International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP): Argentina, Congo, France, Gabon, India, Italy, Mali, Mozambique, Norway, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, USA.

2005
12/2005 China/regional: Focus on financing of education in Asia, staff retreat in Beijing of UK Department for International Development (DFID) education programme officers in the Asian region.

2004
7/2004 Georgia (Tbilisi): Comparative study of private supplementary tutoring in Eastern and Central Europe. Sponsored by Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation).

1-6/2004 Cambodia: Survey of household costs of primary and junior secondary education; employed by World Bank, and working with a local team and the Ministry of Education, Youth & Sport.

2003
7-8/2003 China: Team leader for review of cost-reduction strategies, Gansu Basic Education Project (GBEP); funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), and employed by Cambridge Education Consultants (CEC).

1/2003 Egypt: Education Specialist at the fourth annual meeting of the Global Development Network. Sponsored by the World Bank.

2002
3/2002 Cayman Islands: Review of education policy from perspective of education in small states; invited and sponsored by Ministry of Education, Human Resources and Culture.

2001
5-7/2001 China: Project on indicators for education systems, Ministry of Education and Beijing Normal University. Employed by the World Bank.

6/2001 Pakistan: Review of research programmes at the Institute for Educational Development (IED) of the Aga Khan University, and inputs on project concerning community financing of education. Employed by the IED.

2000
8/2000-3/2001 Macau: Team leader, higher education sector review. Employed by the government of Macau.

6/2000 Japan: Resource person, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) workshop on public-private partnerships in education, Tokyo (with official delegations from 15 countries of the region).

1/2000 Thailand: Resource person, Asia-Pacific Regional Meeting on Education for All (with official delegations from 42 countries of the region). Sponsored by UNESCO.

1999
12/1999 South Africa: Resource person, Sub-Saharan Regional Meeting on Education for All (with official delegations from 40 countries of the region). Sponsored by UNESCO.

8-11/1999 Global: Preparation of Thematic Study on community partnerships for World Forum on Education for All (EFA). Employed by the World Bank on behalf of the EFA Inter-Agency Commission (UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, World Bank). Thematic Study considered in six regional workshops and then presented at the World Forum in Senegal, April 2000.

9/1999 China: Review of progress and plans in UNICEF projects for financing basic education in poor areas of China. Employed by UNICEF.

9/1999 Philippines: Review meeting for Asian Development Bank education sector policies and strategies. Invited by Asian Development Bank.

9-12/1999 Hong Kong: Review and recommendations on regulatory framework for kindergartens and private tutorial schools. Employed by Pricewaterhouse Coopers on behalf of the Hong Kong government.

6/1999 United Kingdom: Refresher Study Programme for World Bank Education Task Managers: sessions on multiple-shift schooling and decentralisation of education, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex; employed by World Bank through IDS.

5/1999 Pakistan: Keynote speaker and facilitator, conference on community participation in education, sponsored by Sindh Provincial Government, British Council and UK Department for International Development.

4-5/1999 Maldives: Review of Secondary School Examinations System; employed by Government of Maldives with resources from World Bank.

1998
10-11/1998 Italy: Innocenti Global Seminar: resource person for meeting to shape UNICEF's strategy for the education sector during the next decade, Florence.

10/1998 Japan: Working Group on Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) initiative on 'The Architecture of Learning and Development', Tokyo.

7-9/1998 Tanzania, Kenya, Switzerland: Review of community partnership components of madrasas and projects for primary schools supported by Aga Khan Foundation; advice on design for research and evaluation of these components. Employed by Aga Khan Foundation.

6-7/1998 Pakistan: Review of community financing components of pre- and primary schools supported by Aga Khan Foundation (AKF); running an international workshop on this topic for AKF personnel; making professional inputs to the Institute for Educational Development in Karachi. Employed by Aga Khan Foundation.

5/1998 Eritrea: Lead consultant for UNICEF Regional Workshop on the Costs and Financing of Basic Education (for 60 UNICEF education project officers and government/NGO counterparts in 19 countries of the East and Southern Africa region); responsible for conceptual framework and majority of inputs. Employed by UNICEF.

1997
12/1997-4/1998 Cambodia: Study of the community and household costs of primary education. Employed by UNICEF.

11/1997-3/1998 Hong Kong: Review of the functions and internal organisation of the Hong Kong Government's Education Department. Employed by Coopers & Lybrand on behalf of the Education & Manpower Bureau of the Hong Kong Government.

10/1997 Cambodia: Higher education reform project: cost-sharing and fees in universities. Employed by the World Bank.

8/1997-3/1998 Philippines/Regional: Team member responsible for issues concerning financing of education, Regional Study of Trends, Issues and Policies in Education. Project commissioned by the Asian Development Bank, and contracted by the Academy for Educational Development in conjunction with UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

7-8/1997 Cambodia: project inputs on budgeting and financing of education in the context of enrolment projections, teachers' requirements and cost-sharing patterns, UNDP/UNESCO project for capacity-building in the education sector; employed by UNESCO.

6/1997 China: External member on Expert Panel for review of research on household costs of education in poor provinces of China, conducted by the Shanghai Institute of Human Resource Development in partnership with UNICEF.

5/1997 Thailand: Resource person and presenter of sessions on financing of education; regional workshop for senior personnel from Ministries of Education in 20 countries, focusing on issues and priorities in education management, policy and information; employed by UNESCO.

3/1997 USA: Presentation of module on community financing of education in training week for World Bank and other international agency staff; employed by World Bank.

1996
7-8/1996 Azerbaijan: Preparation of project document on government-school-community partnerships in financing basic education; employed by UNICEF.

5/1996 Indonesia: Consultant for UNESCO/UNICEF workshop on processes of decentralisation, community participation and local capacity building in education; employed by UNESCO.

5/1996 Barbados: Consultant for pan-Commonwealth workshop on examinations systems in small states; employed by the Commonwealth Secretariat.

2/1996 Azerbaijan: Team member [education] for World Bank/UNICEF Poverty Assessment; employed by UNICEF.

2/1996 India: Invited guest of National Institute of Educational Administration and Planning (NIEPA); funded by UK Overseas Development Administration in order to strengthen international linkages with the Indian research community.

1995
11/1995 Singapore: Keynote speaker and resource person for workshop on educational research and policy making in the Asian Region; activity funded by Asian Development Bank and executed by International Development Research Centre.

3/1995 Laos: Research study of community and parental contributions to schooling; employed by UNICEF.

2/1995 Cambodia: Research study of community and parental contributions to schooling, and input on school clusters; employed by UNICEF.

1994
8/1994 Malawi: Design of community school programme; employed by UK Overseas Development Administration.

6-7 and 11/1994 Bhutan: Research study of costs and cost-effective approaches in primary education; employed by UNICEF.

1993
12/1993 - 2/1994 Hong Kong: Critical review of literature on school resourcing issues; contract for the Education Commission [co-investigator: Andrew Wong].

7-8/1993 Mongolia: Team member (economics and financing of education) for education sector study. Project financed by the Asian Development Bank under contract to the Academy for Educational Development.

5/1993 Thailand: Resource Person and Rapporteur for six-country workshop on implementation of goals of Education for All; employed by UNESCO. [The six countries were Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Papua New Guinea.]

1992
11/1992 Bhutan: Chief Moderator, Review of Primary Education; employed by UNICEF.

8/1992 Botswana: Resource Person, workshop on `Financing Basic Education: Participation and Partnerships', Education Research Network for East & Southern Africa (ERNESA); expenses paid by the British Council.

6/1992 Myanmar: Assistance with preparation of National Programme of Action, and with planning of a pair of workshops on Education for All; employed by UNICEF.

6/1992 South Korea: Resource person and animator for workshop on education, employment and human resource development in East Asia and the Pacific; employed by the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).

5/1992 Fiji: Resource person and presenter on access, quality and management, seminar on higher education options and strategies for the small states of the South Pacific; employed by the World Bank.

3/1992 Vanuatu: Resource person for training workshop on educational consultancy for small states; employed by the Commonwealth Secretariat.

1991
7-8/1991 Bhutan: Review of draft education component of seventh five-year plan; advice on structures for monitoring and evaluation; advice on structure of Department [Ministry] of Education; employed by UNESCO/ UNDP.

7/1991 Papua New Guinea: preparation of Project Completion Report, Education III (Secondary Education); employed by the World Bank.

1/1991 Vietnam: Team member (education planner and overall facilitator) in workshop for Education Sector Study; employed by UNESCO.

The HKU Scholars Hub

HKU Researcher Page

WCCES

Mark Bray is Past-President of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies. This body brings together 38 national, regional and language-based societies. The most visible role of the WCCES is in periodic World Congresses. Those in the last decade have been in South Africa (1998), Korea (2001), Cuba (2004), Bosnia & Herzegovina (2007) and Turkey (2010). The World Council also advances methodological and other dimensions of the field. Mark Bray was President from 2004 to 2007. Before that, he was Secretary General (2000-2004) and Assistant Secretary General (1994-2000).

Publications

2012
Michaela MARTIN & Bray, Mark (2012): 'Higher Education in Small States', in Bob Adamson, Jon Nixon & Feng Su (eds.), The Orientation of Higher Education: Challenging the East-West Dichotomy, Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.50-75.

Bray, Mark (2012): ‘The Global Expansion of Shadow Education: Subverting or Enhancing Equity, Quality and Development?’. Comparative Education Review [Beijing], Vol.34, No.2, pp.13-17. (in Chinese)

Bray, Mark; & Lykins, Chad (2012): Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 100 pp.

2011
Bray, Mark (2011): The Challenge of Shadow Education: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in the European Union. Brussels: European Commission, 79 pp.

Bray, Mark & Varghese, N.V. (eds.) (2011): Directions in Educational Planning: International Experiences and Perspectives,. UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), 310 pp.

Crossley, Michael, Bray, Mark & Packer, Steve (2011): Education in Small States: Policies and Priorities. London: The Commonwealth Secretariat, 85 pp.

Kwo, Ora & Bray, Mark (2011): ‘Facing the shadow education system in Hong Kong' The Newsletter, No.56, Spring.

Martin, Michaela & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2011): Tertiary Education in Small States: Planning in the Context of Globalization. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, 279 pp.


2010
Bray, Mark (2010): ‘Comparative Education and International Education in the History of Compare: Boundaries, Overlaps and Ambiguities’. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Vol.40 (in press).

Bray, Mark (2010): ‘Comparative Education: Societies and Associations’, in Baker, Eva; & Peterson, Penelope P. & McGaw, Barry (eds. in chief), International Encyclopedia of Education, third edition. Oxford: Elsevier (pp.266-271).

Hite, Steven & Bray, Mark (2010): ‘International Organizations: UNESCO’s International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP)’, in Baker, Eva; & Peterson, Penelope P. & McGaw, Barry (eds. in chief), International Encyclopedia of Education, third edition. Oxford: Elsevier (pp.688-693).

Bray, Mark (2010): ‘Researching Shadow Education: Challenges and Directions’, Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol.11, No.1, pp.3-13.

2009
Bray, Mark (2009): Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring?. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).

Bray, Mark (2009): ‘Harmony, Diversity and Symbiosis in a Globalizing World: A View from UNESCO’, Comparative Education Review [Beijing], Vol.31, No.3, pp.1-6 (in Chinese).

Bray, Mark (2009): ‘Governance for Quality Education and Roles of International Cooperation’, in Japan Education Forum, Collaboration towards Greater Autonomy in Educational Development. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Hiroshima, Tsukuba and Kobe Universities, pp.80-81.

Crossley, Michael & Bray, Mark (2009): 'Learning from and across Commonwealth Small States: Priorities for Educational Planning and Research', in Jones-Parry, Rupert (ed.), Commonwealth Education Partnerships. London: Nexus for the Commonwealth Secretariat, pp.31-33.

Crossley, Michael; Bray, Mark & Packer, Steve (2009): ‘Education in the Small States of the Commonwealth: Towards and Beyond Global Goals and Targets’, The Round Table, Vol.98, No.405, pp.731-751.

2008
Bray, Mark (2008): Double-Shift Schooling: Design and Operation for School Effectiveness. Fundamentals of Educational Planning 90, Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP). Also available in French.

Bray, Mark (2008): 'The WCCES and Intercultural Dialogue: Historical Perspectives and Continuing Challenges'. International Review of Education, Vol.54, Nos.3-4, pp.299-317.

Bray, Mark (2008): 'The Multifaceted Field of Comparative Education: Evolution, Themes, Actors, and Applications', in Reischmann, Jost & Bron, Michal (eds.), Comparative Adult Education 2008: Experiences and Examples. Frankfurt Am Main: Peter Lang, pp.33-44.

Bray, Mark (2008): 'Professional Bodies in Comparative Education: A Perspective from the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES)', in Reischmann, Jost & Bron, Michal (eds.), Comparative Adult Education 2008: Experiences and Examples. Frankfurt Am Main: Peter Lang, pp.239-246.

Bray, Mark (2008): 'As explicações em perspectiva comparada: implicaes no trabalho dos professores e no funcionamento das escolas', in Costa, Jorge Adelino; Neto-Mendes, António & Ventura, Alexandre (eds.), Xplika: investigação sobre o mercado das explicações. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro, pp.11-26.


2007
Bray, Mark; Adamson, Bob & Mason, Mark (eds.) (2007): Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods, Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, 444 pp. Also available in Chinese, Farsi, French, Italian, Japanese, Spanish.

Masemann, Vandra; Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (eds.) (2007): Common Interests, Uncommon Goals: Histories of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies and its Members. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, 383 pp.

Khan, Faryal & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2007): Educational Governance at Local Level. Theme issue for Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, Vol.XXXVII, No.1, 145 pp.. [Introduction to the Open File: pp.17-21]

Li, Mei & Bray, Mark (2007): 'Cross-border Flows of Students for Higher Education: Push-Pull Factors and Motivations of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau', Higher Education, Vol.53, No.6, pp.791-818.

Bray, Mark (2007): 'Governance and Free Education: Directions, Mechanisms, and Policy Tensions'. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, Vol.XXXVII, No.1, pp.23-35. Also published in Arabic, Chinese and Spanish.

Bray, Mark (2007): 'Actors and Purposes in Comparative Education', in Bray, Mark, Adamson, Bob & Mason, Mark (eds.), Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods, Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.15-38.

Bray, Mark & Jiang Kai (2007): 'Comparing Systems, in Bray, Mark; Adamson, Bob & Mason, Mark (eds.), Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods, Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.123-144.

Bray, Mark (2007): 'International and Comparative Education: Boundaries, Ambiguities and Synergies', in Hayden, Mary; Levy, Jack & Thompson, Jeff (eds.), Handbook of Research in International Education, Sage, London, pp.51-56.

Bray, Mark (2007): 'A Global View', in Nina Borevskaya, Vladimir Borisenkov, Zhu Xiaoman & Zhang Nanxing (eds.), Russia and China: Comparing Educational Reforms from the 20th to the 21st Century. Moscow: Russian Academy of Education, pp.589-591

Bray, Mark (2007): 'Expanding the Coverage and Hearing More Voices: 2004-2007', in Masemann, Vandra; Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (eds.), Common Interests, Uncommon Goals: Histories of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies and its Members. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.83-93.


2006
Silova, Iveta; Budiene, Virginija & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2006): Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring. New York: Open Society Institute, 353 pp.

Yamato, Yoko and Bray, Mark (2006): 'Economic Development and the Market Place for Education: Dynamics of the International Schools Sector in Shanghai, China', Journal of Research in International Education, Vol.5, No.1, pp.57-82. Revised version in Exploring Education Development, Vol.26, No.10A, pp.75-77 [in Chinese].

Manzon, Maria & Bray, Mark (2006): 'The Comparative and International Education Society (CIES) and the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES): Leadership, Ambiguities and Synergies', Current Issues in Comparative Education, Vol.8, No.2, pp.69-83.

Bray, Mark (2006): 'Private Supplementary Tutoring: Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and Implications', Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.36, No.4, pp.515-530. Russian translation in Voprosi Obrazovanija (Issues of Education), No.1, 2007, pp.65-83.

Li, Mei & Bray, Mark (2006): 'Social Class and Cross-Border Higher Education: Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau', Higher Education, Vol.35, No.11, pp.61-67 (in Chinese). Reprinted (2007): Higher Education (People's University, Beijing), Vol.3, No.1, pp.84-91. Expanded version in English (2006): Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol.7, No.4, pp.407-424.

Bray, Mark & Tang, Kwok-Chun (2006): 'Building and Diversifying Education Systems: Evolving Patterns and Contrasting Trends in Hong Kong and Macau', in Bjork, Chris (ed.), Decentralization and Education: Asian Experiences and Conceptual Contributions, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.71-95.

Bray, Mark (2006): 'Household Financing of Basic Education', in Jones-Parry, Rupert (ed.), Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2007, London: The Commonweath Secretariat, pp.160-162.


2005
Bray, Mark (2005): 'Comparative Education: New Challenges and New Paradigms', Comparative Education (Japan Comparative Education Society, Tokyo), No.31, pp.215-232.

Bray, Mark (2005): 'Professional Associations in Comparative Education: A Perspective from the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES)', Comparative Education Review [Beijing], Vol.26, No.3, pp.5-9 (in Chinese).

Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (2005): 'Comparative Education and Teacher Education in Singapore and Hong Kong: Comparisons over Time as Well as Place', Comparative Education Bulletin [Hong Kong], Vol.8, pp.13-28.

Bray, Mark (2005): 'Private Tutoring: Supplementary Function or Conflicting Alternatives', in Sixty Years of Korean Education: Achievements and Challenges. Korean Educational Development Institute, Seoul, pp.155-168.

Bray, Mark & Bunly, Seng (2005): Balancing the Books: Household Financing of Basic Education in Cambodia. Washington DC: The World Bank, and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 115 pp. Also available in Khmer.

Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (2005): 'E1 WCCES: Equilibrio, Misiones y Prospectivos', Revista Espanola de Educacion Comparada, No.11, pp.189-213.


2004
Bray, Mark (2004): 'Sharing the Burden of Financing: Government and Household Partnerships for Basic Education', Economic Affairs, Vol.24, No.4, pp.22-26.

Bray, Mark (2004): 'Bray, Mark (2004): 'Other Fields and Ours: Academic Discourse and the Nature of Comparative Education', Comparative and International Education Review [Athens], No.3, pp.61-85.

Bray, Mark (2004): 'Disciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity and Nondisciplinarity in Comparative Education', Global Education, Vol.33, No.9, pp.3-8 [in Chinese].

Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (2004): 'Postcolonial Patterns and Paradoxes: Language and Education in Hong Kong and Macao', Comparative Education, Vol. 40, No.2, pp.215-239.

Mukundan, M.V. & Bray, Mark (2004): 'Contrasting Rhetoric and Reality: The Limits to Decentralisation of Education in Kerala State, India', International Review of Education, Vol.50, No.3, pp.223-243.

Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.) (2004): Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. second edition. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 323 pp.

Bray, Mark (2004): 'Methodology and Focus in Comparative Education'; in Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.), Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. second edition. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.237-250.

Bray, Mark (2004): ' Making a Difference in Education through Community Participation', in Halai, Anjum & Rarieya, Jane (eds.), Impact: Making a Difference, Aga Khan University Institute of Education, Karachi, pp.20-26.

Bray, Mark, Ding Xiaohao & Huang Ping (2004): Reducing the Burden on the Poor: Household costs of Basic Education in Gansu, China. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, in collaboration with the Gansu Basic Education Project.


2003
Bray, Mark (2003): 'Comparative Education in the Era of Globalisation: Evolution, Missions and Roles. Policy Futures in Education, Vol.1, No.2, pp.209-224

Bray, Mark & Kwok, Percy (2003): 'Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Conceptual Considerations, and Socio-Economic Patterns in Hong Kong'. Economics of Education Review, Vol.22, No.6, pp.611-620.

Bray, Mark (2003): 'Government and Household Financing of Education: Finding Appropriate Balances', in Min Weifang, Yang Zhoufu & Li Wenli (eds.), Raising Adequate Resources for Education. Beijing: People's Education Press, pp.605-631. Chinese-language version in Peking University Education Review, Vol.1, No.2, 2003, pp.43-51.

Bray, Mark (2003): 'Financing Education in Asian and Pacific Countries', in Keeves, John P. & Watanabe, Ryo (eds.), International Handbook of Educational Research in the Asia-Pacific Region, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp.1043-1058.

Bray, Mark (2003): Adverse Effects of Supplementary Private Tutoring: Dimensions, Implications, and Government Responses, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, 84 pp.

Bray, Mark (2003): Control of Education: Issues and tensions in Centralization and Decentralization', in Arnove, Robert F. & Torres, Carlos A. (eds) Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local, second edition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp.204-228.

Bray, Mark (ed.) (2003): Comparative Education: Continuing Traditions, New Challenges, and New Paradigms. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 262pp. Click here for the list of different translations of this book.

Bray, Mark (2003): Tradition, Change and the Role of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies’, International Review of Education, Vol.49, Nos.1 & 2, pp.1-13.

Bray, Mark & Yoko Yamato (2003): Comparative Education in a Microcosm: Methodological Insights from the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong’, International Review of Education, Vol.49, Nos.1 & 2, pp.49-71.

Bray, Mark (2003): Community Initiatives in Education: Goals, Dimensions, and Linkages with Governments’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education Vol.31, No.1, pp.33-47.


2002
Bray, Mark (2002): ‘Comparative Education: Global Trends and Asian Contributions’, Comparative Study of Education and Culture, Vol.2, No.3, pp.1-14 [in Japanese]. Shorter version [in English]: Current Issues in Comparative Education, Vol.4, No.2.

Bray, Mark with Butler, R., Hui, P.K.F., Kwo, O.W.Y. & Mang, E.W.L. (2002): Higher Education in Macau: Growth and Strategic Development. Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 130 pp.

Bray, Mark (2002): The Costs and Financing of Education: Trends and Policy Implications. Series ‘Education in Developing Asia’. Asian Development Bank, Manila; Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, 77pp. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Education_NatlDev_Asia/Costs_Financing/default.asp

Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2002): ‘Higher Education in Small Territories: Political Transition and Development in Macau’, Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.3, No.2, pp.108-121.

Yamato, Yoko & Bray, Mark (2002): ‘Education and Socio-Political Change: The Continued Growth and Evolution of the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong’, Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.3, No.1, pp.24-36.


2001
Bray, Mark & Gui, Qin (2001): 'Comparative Education in Greater China: Contexts, Characteristics, Contrasts and Contributions', Comparative Education, Vol.37, No.4, pp. 452-473.

Bray, Mark & Adam, Khadeeja (2001): 'The Dialectic of the International and the National: Secondary School Examinations in the Republic of Maldives',International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 20, No.3, pp. 231-244.

Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (eds.) (2001): Education and Political Transition: Themes and Experiences in East Asia. Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 228 pp.

Bray, Mark (2001): 'Higher Education and Colonial Transition in Macau: Market Forces and State Intervention in a Small Society', in Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (eds.), Education and Political Transition: Themes and Experiences in East Asia. Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.139-161.

Bray, Mark (2001): 'Examination Systems in Small States: Meeting National Needs in a Global Environment' in Katrina Bell (ed.), Education in the Commonwealth, Kensington Publications in association with the Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 2001, pp.125-129.

Baldacchino, Godfrey & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2001): Human Resource Strategies for Small States. Special issue of International Journal of Educational Development, Pergamon Press, Oxford, Vol.21, No.3, pp.203-284.

Bray, Mark (2001): 'The Growth and Diversification of Higher Education in Macau', International Higher Education, No.23, pp. 19-20.

Bray, Mark & Borevskaya, Nina (2001): 'Financing Education in Transitional Societies: Lessons from Russia and China', Comparative Education, Vol.37, No.3, pp. 345-365.

Bray, Mark (2001): 'Out-of-School Supplementary Tutoring: Scale, Nature, Determinants, and Implications', Childhood Education: Infancy through Early Adolescence, Vol. 37, No.6, pp.360-366.

Bray, Mark (2001): Community Partnerships in Education: Dimensions, Variations and Implications. Paris: Education for All (EFA) Inter-Agency Commission, UNESCO, 48pp.


2000
Bray, Mark (2000): Double-Shift Schooling: Design and Operation for School Effectiveness. Jointly published in English by the Commonwealth Secretariat, London and the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Paris, 93 pp.

Tang Kwok Chun & Bray, Mark (2000): 'Colonial Models and the Evolution of Education Systems: Centralization and Decentralization in Hong Kong and Macau', Journal of Educational Administration. Vol.38, No.3, pp. 468-485.

Bray, Mark (2000): 'Partnerships in Practice', UNESCO Courier, March, pp.32-34.

Bray, Mark (2000): 'Globalisation, Education and the Colonial Transition of Two Remnants of Empire: A Comparative Analysis of Hong Kong and Macau', in Mebrahtu, T., Crossley, M. & Johnson, D. (eds.), Globalisation, Educational Transformation and Societies in Transition, Symposium Books, Oxford, pp.175-194.

Bray, Mark (2000): 'Financing Higher Education in Asia: Patterns, Trends and Options', Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, Vol.XXX, No.3, pp.331-348.

Bray, Mark (2000): The Full Costs of Education. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press in collaboration with UNICEF and the World Bank, 115 pp.

Bray, Mark (2000): 'Supplementary Private Tutoring: How Widespread is it?' in Education Across the Commonwealth, No.1, London: The Commonwealth Secretariat, pp.25-29.


1999
Bray, Mark (1999): 'Continuity and Change in Education', in Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.), Education adn Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. second edition. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.251-269.

Bray, Mark (1999): 'Educational Policies and Policy-making in Hong Kong', in Pryde, Nia A. Tsoi, Mona M. (eds.), Hong Kong's Young Children: Our Past, Their Future, Centre of Asian Studies, The University of Hong Kong, pp.309-341.

Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.)(1999): Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macau: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 286 pp. First Chinese-language version published 2002, Second edition in 2005.

Bray, Mark (1999): `Methodology and Focus in Comparative Education'; 'Continuity and Change in Education', in Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.), Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macau: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.209-241.

Bray, Mark (1999): `Community Financing of Education: Cultural Variations and Policy Dilemmas in Less Developed Countries', in Leach, Fiona & Little, Angela (eds.), Education, Cultures and Economics: Dilemmas for Development, Garland, New York pp.183-202.

Bray, Mark (1999): `The Control of Education: Issues and Tensions in Centralization and Decentralization', in Robert F. Arnove & Carlos A. Torres (eds.), Reframing Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland pp.207-232.

Coyne, Geoffrey & Bray, Mark (1999): `External Aid and Education in Small States: Structural Issues, and Insights from a World Bank Assisted Project in Solomon Islands', Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.19, No.1, pp.31-43.
Bray, Mark (1999): The Private Costs of Public Schooling: Household and Community Financing of Primary Education in Cambodia, International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) in collaboration with UNICEF, Paris 115 pp.

Bray, Mark (1999): The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners, International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris 97 pp. [Also available in French: A l'ombre du systeme educatif]


1998
Bray, Mark & Steward, Lucy (eds.) (1998): Examination Systems in Small States: Comparative Perspectives on Policies, Models and Operations, The Commonwealth Secretariat, 267 pp.

Bray, Mark (1998): 'National Self-Determination and International Dependence: The Organization and Control of Secondary School Examinations in Small States of the Commonwealth,' Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, Vol.5, No.2, pp.151-173.

Bray, Mark & Thomas, R. Murray (eds.) (1998): Financing of Education in Indonesia, Asian Development Bank, Manila/Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 133pp.

Bray, Mark (1998): `Privatisation of Schooling: Strategies and Policy Implications in Less Developed Countries', in Aggarwal, Yash & Premi, Kusum K. (eds.), Reforming School Education: Issues in Policy Planning and Implementation, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, pp.275-299.

Bray, Mark (1998): `Financing Higher Education in Asia: Patterns, Trends and Options', International Higher Education, No.13, pp.12-14.

Bray, Mark & Gui Qin (1998): `Comparative Education Research in the Asian Region: Implications for the Field as a Whole', Comparative Education Review [Beijing Normal University], No.112, pp.13-15 [in Chinese].

Bray, Mark (1998): `Financing Education in Developing Asia: Themes, Tensions, and Policies', International Journal of Educational Research. Vol.29, No.7, pp.627-642.


1997
Bray, Mark (1997): Education and Decolonization: Comparative Perspectives on Change and Continuity', in William K. Cummings & Noel McGinn (eds.), International Handbook of Education and Development: Preparing Schools, Students and Nations for the Twenty-first Century, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 103-118.

Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (eds.) (1997): Education and Political Transition: Implications of Hong Kong's Change of Sovereignty, Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, 169 pp.

Bray, Mark (1997): 'Community Financing of Education: Rationales, Mechanisms, and Policy Implications in Less Developed Countries', in Christopher Colclough (ed.), Marketizing Education and Health in Developing Countries: Miracle or Mirage?, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 185-204.

Bray, Mark (1997): 'Education and Colonial Transition: The Hong Kong Experience in Comparative Perspective' in Comparative Education, 33(2), pp. 157-169.

W.O. Lee & Mark Bray (eds.) (1997): Education and Political Transition: Perspectives and Dimensions in East Asia, Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, 115 pp.

Bray, Mark (1997): `Recognizing the Burden on Households: Family and Community Financing of Primary Education in East Asia', Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, Vol.XI, No.2, pp.163-78

Bray, Mark (1997): `Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands', in G.A. Postiglione & G.C.L. Mak (eds.), Asian Higher Education: An International Handbook and Reference Guide, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, pp.245-63.

Bray, Mark (1997): `Education and the Labour Market', in G.A. Postiglione & W.O. Lee (eds.), Schooling in Hong Kong: Organization, Teaching and Social Control, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp.43-63.

Bray, Mark (1997): `Educational Research and Policy Making: Improving the Linkages', in Case Studies in Education Research and Policy, Asian Development Bank, Manila, pp.3-17.

Agelasto, Michael & Bray, Mark (1997): `Education and the Poor', in Azerbaijan: Poverty Assessment, The World Bank, Washington DC, Vol.II, pp.78-87.


1996
Bray, Mark (1996): Counting the Full Cost: Parental and Community Financing of Education in East Asia, The World Bank in collaboration with UNICEF, Washington D.C. Chinese language version published 1999 by Beijing Normal University Press.

Bray, Mark (1996): "Educational reform in a small state: Bhutan's new approach to primary education" in International Journal of Educational Reform, 5(1), pp. 15-25.

Bray, Mark (1996): "Privatization of Secondary Education: Issues and Policy Implications", Background paper for the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century, UNESCO, Paris, p. 29.

Bray, Mark & Ieong, P. (1996), "Education and social change: the growth and diversification of the international schools sector in Hong Kong" in International Education, 25(2), pp. 49-73.

Bray, Mark & Lee W. O. (1996),"Education and socio-political transitions in Asia" in Asia-Pacific Journal of Education, 16(1), pp. 2-12.

Bray, Mark (1996): Decentralization of Education: Community Financing, The World Bank, Washington DC, 51 pp.

Bray, Mark (1996): `Equity Issues in Local Resourcing of Education: Community Financing of Primary Schools in Bhutan', International Review of Education, Vol.42, No.5, pp.495-514.


1995
Bray, Mark (1995): "The quality of education in private schools: historical patterns and the impact of recent policies" in Siu, P. K. & Tam, P. T. K. (eds.), Quality in Education: Insights from Different Perspectives, Hong Kong Educational Research Association, pp. 183-198.

Bray, Mark & Thomas, R. M. (1995), "Levels of comparison in educational studies: Different insights from different literatures and the value of multilevel analyses" in Harvard Educational Review, 65(3), pp. 472-490. [Link: http://www.edreview.org/harvard95/1995/fa95/f95bray.htm]

Bray, Mark (1995): `Macau', in Paul Morris & Anthony Sweeting (eds.), Education and Development in East Asia, Garland, New York, pp.185-201.

Tang Kwok Chun & Bray, Mark (1995): `Curriculum Diversity and the Influence of Imported Textbooks: Patterns and Developments in Secondary School Mathematics' [in Chinese], in Ramsey Koo & Ma Hin Tong (eds.), Macau Education: Choice and Freedom, Macau Foundation, Macau, pp.70-86.

Lee, Wing-on & Bray, Mark (1995): `Education: Evolving Patterns and Challenges', in Cheng, Joseph Y.S. & Lo, Sonny (eds.), From Colony to SAR: Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, pp.357-78. Chinese edition published 1997, pp.401-21.

Bray, Mark (1995): The Costs and Financing of Primary Schooling in Bhutan, UNICEF/Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, 158 pp.


1994
Bray, Mark (1994), "Centralization/decentralization and privatization/publicization: Conceptual issues and the need for more research" in International Journal of Educational Research, 21(8), pp. 817-824.

Bray, Mark (1994), "Decolonization and education: new paradigms for the remnants of empire" in Compare, 24(1), pp. 37-51.

Bray, Mark, Davaa, S., Spaulding, S. & Weidman, J. (1994), "Transition from Socialism and the Financing of Higher Educational: The Case of Mongolia" in Higher Education Policy, 7(4), pp. 42-46.

Bray, Mark & Tang, K. C. (1994), "Comparative education in microcosm: diversity and evolution of secondary school curricula in Macau" in Educational Research Journal, 9(1), pp. 9-14.

Crawford, Nick & Bray, Mark (1994): `Hong Kong', in Kas Mazurek & Maggie Winzer (eds.), Comparative Studies in Special Education, Gallaudet University Press, Washington, pp.286-302.

Bray, Mark (1994): `School Size and Small Schools', in Torsten HuséInternational Encyclopedia of Education, second edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.910-14. Reprinted in Lawrence J. Saha (ed.) (1997): International Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Education, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Compact Disk version published 1998.

Bray, Mark (1994): `Community Financing of Education', in Torsten HuséInternational Encyclopedia of Education, second edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.5291-94. Reprinted in Martin Carnoy (ed.) (1995), The International Encyclopedia of Economics of Education, second edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.430-33. Compact Disk version published 1998.

Bray, Mark (1994): `Hong Kong', in Torsten Husé International Encyclopedia of Education, second edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.2636-43. Revised version in T. Neville Postlethwaite (ed.) (1995), The International Encyclopedia of National Systems of Education, second edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.408-15. Compact Disk version published 1998.

Bray, Mark & Tang Kwok Chun (1994): `Imported Textbooks, Non-Interventionist Policies and School Curricula in Macau', Curriculum and Teaching, Vol.9, No.2, pp.29-43.


1993
Bray, Mark(1993), "Education and the Vestiges of Colonialism: Self-Determination, Neocolonialism and Dependency in the South Pacific" in Comparative Education, 29(3), pp. 333-348.

Bray, Mark (ed.) (1993), "The Economics and Financing of Education: Hong Kong and Comparative Perspectives" Education Paper 20, Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong.

Bray, Mark & Lee, W. O. (1993), "Education, democracy and colonial transition: the case of Hong Kong" in International Review of Education, 39(6), pp. 541-560.

Bray, Mark & Packer, S. (1993), Education in Small States: Concepts, Challenges and Strategies, Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Bray, Mark & Tang Kwok Chun (1993): `Three Plus Two Equals Six? Imported Curricula and the Search for a Macau Education System', in C.C. Lam, H.W. Wong & Y.W. Fung (eds.), Curriculum Changes for Chinese Communities in Southeast Asia: Challenges of the 21st Century, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, pp.159-64.

Bray, Mark (1993): `Education and Human Resource Development in the South Pacific', in Bikas Sanyal (ed.), Education, Employment and Human Resource Development, International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris, pp.144-56.

Contacts

Room 312 Runme Shaw Building, The University of Hong Kong
Phone: (852) 2219 4194
Email: mbray@hku.hk

Please send comments and enquiries to mbray@hku.hk

This page was last updated on February 26, 2013.